GOVERNMENT OF NORTHERN IRELAND MINISTRY OF EDU CAT ION JUNIOR TECHNICAL G.ERTIFICATE f AND TECHNICAL C::ERTIFICATE EX.A1fiINATI0~1S RLJLES AND PROGRAMME Georg-Eckert-Tnstituf - Leibni1-Institut fiir imemat11..: .1.;I~ Schulbuchforschung - BIBLIOTHEK- CONTENTS Page P.ART I Rules 1 P.ART II Prograrnrne 5 English 5 Science 6 Mathematics 10 Dravving 13 Mechanical Drai'ving 15 w·ooawork 16 Metalwork 17 Geography 19 Moaern Languages 20 PART I RULES General l. The Ministry will hola Examinatiori..s leaaing to the award of Junior Technical Certificates arrl Technical Certificates to pupils who have followed approved courses in accordance with these Rules. Definitions 2. ( 1) In these Rules the follovtlng expressions have the meanings hereby given to them: "The Ministry" means the Ministry of Eaucation for Northern Ireland; . "approved" means approved by the Ministry; "school year" means an annual period beginning on the first day of August ana ending on the thirty-first day of July following. (2) Other expressions to which meanings have been given in the Education Act (Northern Ireland), 1947, have, for the purpose of these Rules, the mean­ ings given to them in that Act. Admission to the Examinations 3. ( 1) Junior Technical Certificate Examination: A pupil who (a) has been in attendance from the beginning of the school year in which the examination is held, and (b) vtlll have followed an approved course for at least two school years by the end of the school year in which the examination is held at a technical intermediate school or secondary (intermediate) school may be entered as a candidate. Provided that, upon written application by the Principal or other competent authority of the technical or secondary (intermediate) school at which the pupil is enrolled, the Ministry may admit as a candiaate a pupil who does not satisfy these requirements. (2) Technical Certificate Examination: A pupil Yvho (a) has been in attendance from the beginning of the school year in which the examination is held, and (b) vtlll have followed an approved course for at least three school years by the end of the school year in which the examination is held at a technical intermediate school or secondary (intermeaiate) school may be enterea as a candiaate. Providea that, upon written application by the Principal or other competent authority of the technical or secondary (intermediate) school at which the pupil is enrolled, the Ministry may admit as a candiaate a pupil who does not satisfy these requirements. 4. A pupil viho satisfies t he conc1itiom in Rule 3 may be entered as a candidate for the full range of subjects or for a lesser number in either Examination. l Subjects of the Junior Technfoal Certificate Examination 5. ( 1) The subjects of the Junior Technical Certificate Examination will be as ~allows:- Mathematics I (.Arithmetic and Algebra) Mathematics II (Geometry and Trigonometry) Science I (General Physics, Light and Chemistry) Science II (Mechanics, Heat , Magnetism and Electriciy) Drawing English French German Irish Woodwork Metalwork Geography Mechanical Drawing . (2) Two papers will be set in English~ In each of the other subjects one paper will be set. ( 3) The first question in French, German and Irish will consist of a test in Dictation. (4) The examinations in 'Jooawork and Metalwork will consist of practical tests only. ( 5) The practical test in MetalW"Ork will be conducted upon vrork submit­ tea by candidates and made from drawings prepared by the examiner. Such 'Nork must be carried out in the school i:rorkshop and candidates should spend no+, more than 16 hours during any eight weeks of a ten-week period prescribed by the Ministry; the work should then be sent either to the Ministry or to the Examiner as may be directed. At the sa..rne time a Declaration, on the prescribed form, signed by the teacher responsible for the instruction must be furnished to the Minis try. Subjects of the Technical Certificate Examination 6. ( 1) The subjects of the Technical Certificate Examination vtlll be as follows: - English French German Irish Geography Art Mathematics Chemistry Mechanics, General Physics and Heat Ma.gnetism, Eleutricity and Light Mechanical Drawing Workshop P·.cactice (Wood and Metal) (2) Two papers vrill be set in English and in Mathematics. The examina­ tion in Workshop Practice vtlll consist of practical tests in Woodwork and in Metalwork, and of a vvritten examination in either Wood;-mrk _£E Metalwork, at the candidate's choice. In each of the other subjects one paper only ;vill be set. (3) The first question in French, German and Irish will consist of a test in Dictation. (4) The practical test in Metalwork will be conducted upon work submit­ ted by candidates and made from dra';rings :prepared by" the examiner. Such work rrmst be carried out in the school workshop and candidates should spend not m.w::,e than 16 hours during any eight weeks of a ten~week period prescribed by ~Ministry; the work should then be sent either to the Ministry or to the Examiner as may be directed. At the same time a Decla:r:ation, on the prescribed form, signea by the teacher responsible for the instruction must be furnished to the Ministry. Examination Marks 7. The maximum number of marks obtainable in each subject will i::>e 400. 8. A candiaate - (1) vvi10 obtains at least 160 marks in any subject will pass in that subject; (2) who obtains at least 220 marks in a.~r subject vlill pass with credit in that subject; 2 (3) who obtains at least 280 marks in any sub ject will pass with distinction in that subject. Certificates 9. (1) The Ministry will award to each cand idate who has satisfied the conditions prescribed by these Rules a Junior Technical Certificate or a Technical Certificate, as the case may be, on which vvill be specified each subject in ·which the ca."1.didate has passed and ·whether he has passed with credit or distinction. (2) Save in most exceptional circumstancess a Certificate destroyed or otherwise lost will not be replaced. 10. (1) In order to qualify for the award of the Junior Technical Certificate a candidate must either - (a) (b) obtain passes in each of six .compulsory subjects, .2E (iii) obtain passes in five of the six cornpulso~J subjects; obtain not less than 100 marks ( 120 marks in the case of English) in the sixth compulsory subject; arrl obtain an a ggregate of at least 960 marks in English and five compulsory subjects in which he has passed. the (2) For the purpose of this Rule the six compulsory subjects shall be ohos en as follows~ - (a) English (b) Trio of t he following :­ Mathematics I Science I Mathematics II Science II ( c) Ary fourth, fi£th and sixth subject from the subjects listed in Rule 5( 1) • 11. ( 1) In order to qualify for the avra.rd of the Technical Certificate a candidate must ~~ (a) obtain passes i n each of five compulsory subjects, .2E. (b) (i) obtain passes in four of the five compulsory subjects; (ii) obtain not less than 100 marks ( 120 marks in the case of English) in the fifth compulsory subject; ana (iii) obtain an a ggregate i n the five compulsory sub jects of at least 800 marks. (2) For the purpose of this Rule the five compulsory subjects shall be chosen as follows:- (a) . English; (b) Mathematics; ( c) One of the follo~T.i..ng :­ Chemistry, Mechanics, General Physics and Heat, Magnetism, Electricity and Light; (a) Any fourth and fifth subject from the subjects listed in Rule 6 ( 1). l2. A candidate who a oes not qualify for the award of a Junior Technical Certificate or a Technical Certificate will be issued with a certifinate specifying t he sub ject(s) in which he has passed an.a whether he passed with credit or distinction. Entries 13. (1) Entries must be made, on the prescribed forms obtainable from the Ministry, by the Principal or other competent authority of the school. 3 (2) Entry forms must reach the Ministry not later than 31st January in the year in which the examination is to be held and must be accompanied by the prescribed feel in respect of each candidate. 1.4. Where special arrangements are made for any candidate the Ministry reserves the right to charge an additional fee. Late Applications 15. (1) The Ministry reserves the right to accept or to refuse any late application and, in the event of the acceptance of a late application to charge, in addition to the ordinary fee, a late fee in respect of each entry. (2)' Any application received after lst March in the year in which the examination is to be held will be accepted only in special circumstances. Refund of Fees 16. (1) The Ministry may refund the prescribed fee in respect of a candidate who withdraws before taking any part of either Examination. (2) Any application for a refund must be made by the Principal or other competent authority of the school at which the candidate is enrolled. (3) Any application for a refund i-ihich reaches the Ministry after 3lst March will be accepted only if it is accompanied by a medical certif­ icate testifying to the incapacity of the candidate to take the Examination for which he was entered. (4) In no circumstances will an application for a refund be accepted 'Which reaches the Ministry after 30th June. (5) In the event of the refusal of any application for admission to either Examination the fee tendered will be returned. Conduct 17. A candidate who is ad judged by the Ministry to have failed to observe any instruction given to him either by the Ministry or by an examination superintendent, or in any way to have acted unfairly or improperly during an Examination, may be excluded from subsequent Examinations and may be deprived of the marks awarded to him in all the subjects taken, or in such subjects as the Ministry may decide. Publication of Results 18. (1) The Ministry will publish such particulars of the results of the Examinations and such other relevant information as it may think fit. (2) Any candidate will, upon payment of an additional fee2, be supplied with a certified statement of his performance, together vlith his marks. Ministry of Education Dundonald House Upper Newtownards Road BELF.AST, 4 July, 1965. J.M. BENN . Secretary. 1rhe prescribed fee for each of the Examinations is £2 .10 .Od. For a candidate who has entered for one or more subjects the fee will be 15/0d. for each subject with a maximum charge of £2.10.0d. 2rhe fee for a certified statement of marks is 2s . 6d. 4 PART II PROGRAMME SYLLAIDSES ENGLISH Junior Technical Certificate Examination Composition including let ter-vr.d ting. Comprehension. Usa_g£l: Spelling and punctuation; vocabulary; correct use of pa.rts of speech with special reference to common errors. Poetry:) Drama: ~ Prose: ~ The prescribed texts vlill be notified annually Technical Certificate Examination Composition. Letter or short factual aescription. Comprehension. Precis. Usage: synthesis; general analysis; correct usq.ge. Poetry:) ) Drama: ) The prescribed texts vtlll be notified annually. Prose: ~ 5 NI E37 /lJ/57 /500/7 /65R SCIENCE Junior Technical Certificate EKamination General Pb,ysics The simple pendulum and an outline o:I its application to time ·neasurement. Density and specific gravityg determination for solids and l~quids using direct reading balances. Pressureg distinction between pressure and thrust; charact~ristics of fluid pressure; hydraulic pressure • . Pressure gauges~ mercury a·1d water manometers. Siphon. Hydraulic press and jack. Lift and force }.1!Ilps. Atmospheric pressure? mercury and aneroid barometers. Archimedes' principleg determination. Flotation3 upthrust in fluids~ hydrometers. application b density Mechanics An elementary treatment of force, weight and mass. Types of forces. Measurement of forces by extension of a springg the spring lJalance. Frictio:iu a simple treatment of sliding fr:i.ction. Lulrication. A study of levers leading to moments, Simple lever illustration of the principle Like and unlike parallel forces. Couples. parallel forces and couples. the turning effeut of forces. of momenta. Ex;-,,mples of levers. Principle of m~ments applied to Centre of gravity as centre of symmetry: experimental determination for laminae; movement of C.G. with additional load9 simple treatment of stability, with applications. A simple experimental treatment of the equilibrium of a body acted on by three forces in a plane & triangle of forces and its applications, e.g., to jib crane. Resultant ? parallelogram of forces. Resolution of a force. Work as force x distance (ft. lb.) The lever as a machinez mechanical advantage . and velocity ratio. Work done by the machine equal to work done on the machine (in absence of friction). Machines with frictiong experiments with pulleys. Efficiency~ applications to various machines - bicycle, wheel and axle 7 inclined plane. Gears as a means of changing velocity ratio. Power: rate of doing work; horse power. Energyg a qualitative treatment of kinetic and potential energy: conservation of energy illustrated by consideration of practical energy t~ansformations. Heat as a form of energy. Sources and ~ransmiss1 Jn of heatg conduction, convection and radiation. Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases: applications. Co­ efficients of linear, superficial and cubical expansion. Determination of coefficient of linear expansion. Distinction between heat and temperature. Thermometersz comparison between centigrade and Fahrenheit scales. Heat units. Specific beat and heat capacity. Determination of specific heats of solids and liquids. 6 Melting, evaporation, boilingg melting and boiling points? cooling by evaporation; refrigeration. Influence of pressure on boiling point and of pressure and dissolved substances on freezing point. Anomalous expansion of water. Light Straight-line propagationz shadows ? eclipses. A simple introduction to reflection and refraction, including - (1) reflection at a plane surfaceg formation of image in a plane mirror9 periscope~ (2) reflection at concave and co~vex mirrors 9 centre of curvature and principle focus ~ (3) refraction at air/glass and air/liq_uid surfaces ;; real and apparent depth. Converging ancl a_iverging pt'oporties of lense s. Dispersion of white light by a prismg colour effects. Magnetism and Electricit,,y spectrum;; s t. additive and sub~ra ive Properties of magnets9 magnetisationj natural magnets ~ magnetic r oles ;; lines of force shown using iron filings. The compassg earth's magnetism. Electric current as electron flow. Conductors and insulators. Simple electrical circuits? resistance 9 practical units of current, potential difference and resistance;; Ohm's law. Magnetic effect of a current in a straight wire and in a coil. Heating effect of a current ~ fuses? electric fires, etc. Chemical effect of a current ~ electrolytic conductors ) electroplating. Simple treatment of electromagnetic inductiong electromagnets9 electric bell. Simple cell; dry cell1 secondary cells. Chemistry Chemistry as a study of man's use of his material environment. Composition of the air~ respiration. Carbon dioxide. iron, copper, magnesium. oY.ygen? air in relation to burning, rusting and Increase in weight on oxidationg oxidation of A simple treatment of pure substances and mixtures. Elements and compounds. Waterg natural sources3 filtration ? distillation; water as a solvent 9 crystallisation. Action of metals on v1aterg hydrogen;; synthesis of water by burning hydrogen9 analysis of water by electrolysis. The earth 1 s crus t and man 1 s use of mineralsg challq q_uicklime 9 slaked lime; lime water. Carbonates. :Building materialsg mortar. Sulphurg sulphuric acid9 sulphates. 7 Acids, bases and salts~ salts from sea water; sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate. Coal and coal distillation products. Fuels. Gas and candle flames~ explosion of gas/air mixtures. \7inning metals from their oresg reduction by coal gas and carbon. Metalsg a simple treatment of t heir proportion as reflected in their uses.· Corrosion. Alloys. Technical Certificate~ E:i:aminatioJ:! A fuller treatment of the work in the Junior Technical Certificate syllabus together with the followingz Mechanics, composition and resolution of co-planar forces. General conditions of equilibrium for co-planar forces. Numerica.l and graphical exercises. Linear mo tion g velocity and acc0leration? Newton's la~s; equations of motion~ motion under gravity. Poundal·. Dyne. Impulse. Momentum9 conservation of linear momentun. Kinetic and potential energy9 conservation of energy. Work. Power. Erg. Joule. Strength and elasticity of materialsg stress-strain curvesg Hooke' s law• Young's modulus for a wire . Expansion of gases . Boyle's and Charles ' laws9 absolute scale of temperature. Determi11ation of coefficients of cubical expansion for liquids and gases . Cba.'l'.lge of stateg latent heati determination of 1atont heats of fusion, and of vaporisation of water . Vapour presSl!re and boiling point~ determinat.ion of boiling points of liquids. Relation between heat and workg mechanical equivalent of heat. Simple treatment of thormal cond.uctivi ty vii th application to heat insulation. Light Inverse square law9 simple photometry~ intensity cf illw"Ilination. Reflection at plane surfaces; applications. Diffused reflection~ application to room lighting. Reflection from curved surfaces, cylindrical, spherical, parabolic. Radius of curvature and principal focus of concave and convex spherical mirrors9 simple mirror formula9 size and position of images by formula and construction. Refraction at a plane surface:; refr<:.ctive index Internal reflection. Reflection through a triangular prisms and applications. Concave and conve::: lenses:; lens foI'!Tlulaj size and position of i mages by formula of solids and liquids. ;rism. Reflecting principal focus9 simple and construction. The eye; defects of vision9 spectacles. Optical instrumentsg camera, projection lantern, simple (rcfracting)&stronomical tolesccpe. 8 Magnetism and Electricity Eartn's magnetic field; magnetic variaticn and angle cf dip. Permanent magnets ax1d their fields. Force between polos. Magnetic screening. Introdnctory treatment of perrr..eabili ty. Electric current !I potential dj ffere11'.)e; resist~ce . !.fo2si.1.r:::rncnt of resistance by metre bridge and Post C~J: :_·ice; b-:ix; S)c(: u.· w :'.\·}. · ·-~· t ;,:, •. q T•_- ,·i.0- tances in series and parallel. Galvo.;:1ome-Lurs , a1::J1eters, vcl.tr,1o::;s:i.8. DL8 of potentiometer. Heating effect of a C').>:ront!I tem:;Jerature coeff:..cie11t of re Tts·~.');-·JO? resistance thermometer. Electrical 01iergy and power; v1att , kil01:1i:!.·~~- hour . Joule's equivalent. Electrolysisg Faraday 1 s laws~ polarisation~ int ernal resistance. electro-chemical equivalents. Cellsi Cel l s in series and parallel. Electromagnetic induction ~ elementary troatr1cmt of induction coil, transformer~ a.c. and d.c. generato rs and d.c. motor . Simple experiments with alternating current. Transmission of electrical energy. Relations betv1ecm electrical, mechanical and thermal units of work, power and energy. Simple calculations of the cost of using c~lectrical appliances. Chemistry Quantitative nature of chemical reactions 9 equivalents~ l aws of chemical combination~ simple outline of atomic and molecular theories; valency~ formulae and equations~ calculations on re~cting quantities. Composition of water~ hard and soft v1atcrs~ treatment of water for industrial and domestic use. Nitrogen and the atmosphere~ ammonia and ammonium compounds ? nitric acid and nitrates. Chlorine ~ hydrochloric acid y chlorides. Sulphur7 hydrogen sulphide; oxides 9 sulphuric acid~ sulphates. Carbon7 allotropes 7 oxid·:;s9 carbonatcs9 fuels? calorific values. Simple ionic theory applied to acids, bases and salts . Electro-chemical series of the common metals . Electrolytic production of sodium, aluminium and soaium hydroxide. Smelting of iron. Nature and simple properties of steel. Alloys. Corrosion of metals. Important properties and uses of the following metals and the compounds ment ioned~- Sodium~ hydroxide 9 carbonate, chloride. Calcium~ oxide 9 hydroxide, carbonate, sulphate. Aluminium. Iron ~ ferrous sulphate. Leads oxides. Zinc. Oxidation and r ednction. Neutralisation of acicls a,nd alkalis 9 simple experiments involving the use of normal and decinormal solutions. 9 Junior Technical Certificate Examination (The order of statement in what follows is not meant to indicate an order of treatment). Fractions, decimals, approximations and significant figuresj metric system. Averages9 Unitary method, ratio and proportion1 percentages. Simple interest, compound interest and depreciation for short periods, common forms of small investment (e. g., Savings Ilanks a...'1.d Savings Certificates). Square root. Mensur2.tion of rectangle, triangle, trapezium, circle and of figures compounded of these~ volume and surface area of rectangular prism, cylinder, cone and sphere. Expression of numbers as powers of l C'9 the use of logarithms to calculate products, quotients, powers and roots. Generalisation of simple arithmet.ica l processes, algebraic notation 9 the rule of signs, basic algebraic processes . Simple equations . Construction, evaluation and transformation of formulae . Simultaneous equa:tions of the first degree in two m1knovms. Rules for positive integral indices, meaning cf an VJ hen n is fractional or negative7 easy exercises in indices. Multiplication of t wo binomial q_uanti ties~ rolated division. Factors of first and second degree expressions . Solution of quadra~ic equations by factors, by completion of the squar0, and by formula. Arithmetic and geometric series . Graphical representation of statistical quantities, the continuous graph, graphs of y = ax+b, y = ax2+bx+c, y = a/x~ determination of constants in graphs of the form y = ax+b 9 y = ax2+b, y = a/x. Graphical solution of algebraic equations. Determination, by the mid-ordinate rule, of areas, volumes atld mean values. Numerical , practical and deductive exercises on the following. Proofs cf the theorems and constructions marked wit h an asterisk should. be known. Measurement of lines and angles, ~se of ruler, compass~ set square and protractor. Right angle, straight angle, complete revolution. *Equality of vertically oppcsi te angles. Parallel . lines, properties cf angles made with parallel lines by a transversal. *Angle properties of triangle and convex polygon. 10 Construction of triangles from given data~ congruence of triangles. *Basic properties of isosceles and equilateral triangle. *Construction of bisectors of lines and angles, of perpendiculars, of angle equal to a given angle and of line parallel to a given line. *Basic properties of the parallelogram derived from the normal definition. Equality in area of tr.iangles and parallelograms on same or equal bases aJ1d between sarne parallels. *Theorem of Pythagoras •. *Bisection of chord by perpendicular from centre, converse. *Equality of chords equidistant from centre, converse. *Construction of the circle through 3 non collinear points. *Property of angle at centre and angle on circumference standing on same arc. *Equality of angles in the same segment, converse. *Angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. Tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact, converse. *Construction of tangents frcm an external point. *Equality of tangents from an external point. Construction of common tangents. *Equality of angle between tangent and chord and angle in alternate seg­ ment. Construction of a segment of 3 circle containing a given angle. Collinearity of centres and point of contact of touching circles. Locus of a moving point (i) equidistant from 2 fixed points, (ii) equidistant from 2 fixed lines, (iii) at a constant distance from a fixed point • . Sine 9 cosine and tangent of acute angles and of angles of any magnitude? use of trigonometric tables. Solution of right angled triangles, solution of plane triangles using the sine and cosine rules (the ambiguous case need not be treated). Technical Certificate Examination (The order of statement in what follows is not meant to indicate an order of treatment). Notion of gradient and introduction to Calculus. Rate of change, velocity end acceleration. Differentiation of positive, negat ive and fractional pov10rs of x , of sum, product and quotient~ application to maxima and minima. Integration troate.d as the reverse of differentiation. Integration between limits as a summation with application to areas . 11 Simpson 1 s rule. Simple curve sketching related to the Calculus stafod above. More difficult exercises in algebraic multiplication and division~ func­ tional notation, factorisation by the Remainder Theorem, factors for the sum and difference of two cubes, easy exercises on simplification, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of algebraic fractionso Expression of _J:;;- as j_r-;, application to solution of simple numerical quadratic equations. Vector notation r(G) and CA; addition and subtraction of vectors. More difficult examples of solutiun of planG triangles by the sine and cosine rules, including treatment of the ambiguous case. Simple calculations of lengths in throe dimensional figures, angle bet,·1een a line and a plane, angle betv1een two planesg elementary applications to the rectangular prism, pyramid, cylinder, cone and sphere. Basic trigonometric identities, solution of simple trigonometric equations. Radian measure; area of sector and segment of a circle. Further exercises in graphs with more difficult exercises in determin­ ation of constants including the constants in graphs of the typo y = axn. Graphs of simple trigonometric functions. Numerical, practical and deductive exercises on the following. Proofs of the theorems marked with an asterisk should be known. *:3:qual intercept theorem. *Line parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides in proportion. *Similarity of triangloso *Rectangle properties of chords 7 secants and tangGnts of a circle. *Ratio of areas of similar triangles. Ratio of areas of similar polygons. Ratio of volumes of similar three dimensional fi~urGs. 12 DRAWING Junior Technical Certificate Examination Representational Drawing The elementary perspective of the square, circle, cube and cylinder • . Simple objects arranged singly or in groups below eye-level. Studies of light and shade in monochrome. Studies of flov1ors to be used in pattern making. Figure drawinga quick sketches from the living model in every day costume. Mere advanced perspective of the cube, cone and cylinder. Groups of familiar objects. Studies of light and shade in colour. Studios of natural forms for use in pattern making. Outdoor sketching. Figure drawine~ portraits and full-length studies from the model9 action poses. Memory and Imaginative Drawing Every day scenes requiring some memory drawing. Illustration of stories, poems and episodes from history. Figure scones based on sketches from the model. An amplification of the above, including pictorial composition based on the imaginative treatment of observed objects. Design and Colour Repeating border and all-over patterns on simple geometrical netv1 orks9 u..nits based on abstract, geometrical and floral f orms. Counter-change pattern. The use of potato-cuts and stencils for pattern making. Simple silhouette posters. Lettering~ a "sans serif" alphabet for use in poster wo rk. Colour mixingz hues, tints and shades; complementary colour schemes applied to pattern. Space-filling. More advanced all-over patterns; drop repeats~ pictorial units. The use of linoleum blocks and stencils for pattern making. Po ster and shov1 card design. Lettering: "sans serif" forms for poster-v1ork9 script for writing short passages of prose and poetry. Coloura analo gous and comple~ mentary colour schemes) tho analysis of colour harmonies in flov1ers, butter­ flies, etc. Designs and patterns should be applir;d to one, or more, of the following crafts:- / Fabric Printing7 Embroidery~ Applique9 Bookbinding; Tieavingj Painted decoration f or pottery or wooden obj ects. Technical Certificate Examination Memory, Imaginative and Representational Drawing These sections should be closely co-ordinated and the work should cover as wide a field as possible. Design and Colour Tho making of designs and working drawings for one of the fallowing crafts~- Metalwork9 Woodwork? Plastics; Pottcry9 Fabric Pxinting; Embrojdery; V1eaving. Lettering ~ Roman forms, and good modern forms for poster work, script for writing prose and poetry. 13 Colour& colour schemes for craft projects, interior decoration, stage scenery and costumes, etc. Appreciation Short illustrated talks on good design in every day things. Visits to exhibitions of Art and Craftwork. The frequent exhibition of well designed objects, or photographs of them, in the Art room. At all stages a · wide variety of materials should be provided, including paint, pencil, chalk, charcoal, cut-paper, pen and ink. 14 MECHANICAL DRA WIN G Junior Technical Certificate Examination Use and care of drawing instruments. Construction, measurement and bisection of lines and aneles; division1 perpendiculars and parallels. Construction of plane rectilineal figures; regular and irregular polygons (triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, octagon) ? enlargement and reduction of these using ratio of sides. Scales ~ construction of plain, diagonal and proportional scales of a simple character. The circle: elementary constructions involving a 7..nowledge of radii, chords, secants, arcs, segments, sectors and tangents. The ellipse: constr~ction by trammel and by projection from auxiliary circles. Solids: sections a.nd simple orthographic projections in plan and eleva­ tion of regular solids (cube, cylinder and the simpler types of prisms and pyramids); complete developments of surfaces of t hese solids and of the cone. Plane figures: further cases of the construction of regular and irregular polygons. The circle~ lengths of arcs, constructions involving tangency with lines and other circles; construction of common tangents, compound curves composed of tangential arcs ; spirals. Loci: construction of the ellipse and parabola? elementary properties arising from definitions of t hese curves. Simple mechanisms and link motions. Points and lines in space~ true length, inclination of line to orthogonal co-ordinate planes. Solids: orthographic projection, auxiliary views, sections, true shapes9 developments of complete, or incomplete, surfaces. Interpenetration of surfaces g curves of interpenetration for simple regular solids (excluding the cone and sphere) with axes meeting at right angles. Isometric and pictorial (oblique) projection, conventional representation9 hand sketching of simple machine parts. Technical Certificate Ex:amination More advanced work on the foregoing~ further cases of interpenetration of surfaces and consequent develo:pments 9 curves (cycloid, involute, helix, spiral); loci (curves traced by points on simple moving mechanisms). Points and lines in space: determination, from orthogra·phic projections, of the trua shape of plane rectilineal figures with three or four sides. Introduction to trade drawing: recommendations of British Standards Institution; dimensioned drawings of simple workshop details and machine parts, materials used in construction~ hand sketching7 preparation of tracings. 15 WOODWORK Junior Technical Certificate Examination Exercises involving the accurate use of the common tools. ·Simple models in soft wood exemplifying tho use of the following joints~­ butt, glued, nailed and screwed; housing9 halving; mortice and tenon. More difficult examples of the foregoing joints; common dovetailing. Curved work involving the use of the bow saw, spokeshave and gauge. Models requiring the interpretation of working drawings and increased accuracy in craftsmanship and testing ability to worl: in hard woods. Technical Certificate Examination (Practical) More difficult models in soft and hard woods exemplifying the construc­ tions used in frame s , boxes, tables and cabinets, and involving the use of four or more pieces of wood. (Theory) The growth of a tree, difference between hard and soft woods, cross section of a tree. Conversion of logs into planks and boards. Basic methods of seasoning timber by natural and artificial processes. The following defects and. diseases in timberg shakes, dry rot, wet rot. Varieties and uses of plywood, blockboard and laminated board. Preparation of animal glue for use in the workshop.· Sizes and uses of oval and round nails, panel pins, brass and steel screws, glasspaper, ordering, making of sample orders. Ability to recognise and state the use of the following bench tools; jack plane, smoothing plane, rebate plane, plough plane, router, spokeshave, rip saw, cross-cut saw, panel saw, tenon saw, bow saw, coping saw, mortice chisel, firmer and bevelled edge chisels, gouges, try square, marking knife, brace and bits, sliding bevel, marking gauge, mortice gauge, pincers, bradawl, screwdriver, hand-drill, "G" cramps, sash cramps, hammers, mallet. Basic methods of joining used in the construction of frames, boxes, stools and small tables - t.e. gluing, nailing, screwing, housing, halvii1g, mortice and tenon, through dovetailing, lap dovetailing, dowelled jointing. Surface preparation by the use of scraper and glasspaper. Finishing with wax polish or paint. 16 I{ ETALWORK Junior Technical Certificate Examination Filing straight anu curved edges; testing work. Marking out work. Drilling; types of machine 9 safe method of hQlding work. Thread forminR, using taps and dies. Bending, simple fitting and general vice work. Joining of metals by nuts, bolts and screws; simple locking devices; rivets (and rivet sets), countersinking. Soldering fluxes, soft solders and soldering bits~ preparation of work~ running seams, filling holes, sweated joints. Brazing fluxes, hard solders9 blowpipe applied to construction of non­ ferrous articles of straightforv1ard type. Forginge Types of tools; the forge and its operation, correct heating of work; drawing down, bending, twisting. Heat Treatmentg Annealing, tempering, hardening - meaning of terms and elementary applications. Turning~ Brief description of centre lathe anQ tools used; of materials for lathe; plain parallel turning between cent res; chuck. preparation USG of 3-jaVI Measuring and testing instrumentsg Use of scribing block, surface gauge, surface plate, calipers, micrometer, screw gauge and vernier gauge. Technical Certificate Examination All of the work in the Junior Technical Certificate Syllabus together with the following;- (Practical) Filing, clipping, scraping~ more difficult exercises leading to the fitting of mating parts; marking out work for machining ; measuring and testing of work. Brazing: More ~ifficult exercises than in previous course ? planishing and polishing of non-ferrous work. Metal Spinning and beating: Tools and formers required? simple exercises in copper, brass .or gilding metal; effect of operation on material. Bending strip material to shape~ hollowing 9 raising. Forgingg More advanced exercises based on previous operations; flatten­ ing and upsetting ~ simple weld. Lathe Work: Cutting action of tools, tool angles; feeds and speeds. Parallel and non-parallel (or taper) turning between centreq drilling and boring; screw cutting; use of 4-jaw chuck. Mouldingg the elements of s5.mple moulding using metals and alloys of low melting point. Sha in and Millin Use of shaping and milling machines (where these are installed for elementary exercises (including roughing and finishing to caliper sizes all sides of a plain rectangular block; squaring shoulders). 17 As the course progresses a greater degree of skill, accuracy and finish should be expected in the exercises attempted by tho pupil. The exercises should be of a more advanced character and, although fewer in number, should be of a more composite type. (Theor,y) The properties a.nd general characteristics of iron, steel, alumft_niU!Jl, copper, brass, bronze, gilding metal, lead, zinc and their ~oneral uses in the workshop. Soft and hard solders, fluxes. Lubricants, cutting fluids. Care and use of rule, square, calipers, compasses, dividers, bevel, files, chisels, hammers, mallets, saws, gauges (depth, surface, wire and sheet) 9 micrometer, punches, spanners, snips, stakes, seam and rivet sets, folding bars, drills, soldering equipment, stocks and dies, vices (ha...nd, bench and machine), tool cramps, pliers. Essential features of lathe, shaper, drilling machine and use of associated tools? smith's hearth, anvil, and tools. Application of the following processes to the production of workg setting out, sawing, chiselling , filing, drilling, riveting:, tapping, screw­ ing, folding, seaming, wiring, piercing, raising, hollowing, planishing, soldering, brazing, forging, heat treatment, lathe work. Simple decorative treatments and appropriate finishes. Safety precautions. 18 GEOGRAPHY Junior Technical Certificate Examination An outline treatment of World Geography. Ph,ysical Geograph,y - an elementary knowledge of the simple facts of physical geography - The shape and size of the earth; latitude and longitude. Movements of the earth; the seasons; day and night. The distribution of land and sea. Land forms and the agencies modifying them. Maps (including contour and O.S. maps) their meaning and their uses. Factors which determine climate9 wind belts; ocean currents. Climatic types ? vegetation belts in relation to climate. Human geograph_y - a general description of each great vegetation zone as a unitz- Its relief and climate. Its products, natural and cultivated in relation to the controlling physical features. The geography of the :British Isles in detail. Technical Certificate Examination Revision of the Junior Technical Certificate syllabus. The Geography of the :British Commonwealth and Empire, of South Africa, and of either Europe or the United States of America. The study should include8- position; structure and surface features 7 climate and natural vegetation; agriculture with special reference to the raw materials of commerce9 industries, trade and communications; great cities and towns, their industries and occupations. 19 MODERN LANGUAGES (French, German 2 Irish) Junior Technical Certificate and Technical Certificate Examinations There are no proscribed syllabuses in Modern Languages. The note.s given below should assist teachers to draw up their own syllabuses. NOTES The following conditions need to be present if a student is to derive any real benefit from the study of a m9dorn la.nguage:- (a) he must have an adequate knowledge of English, including an under­ standing of its elementary structure, accidence, syntax and grammatical terminology~ (b) he must havo some aptitude for language study and the necessary interest and will to learn~ a...~d (c) sufficient time must be devoted to the subject. ( 5 woekly lessons of 40 minutes are the normal requirement). If an.y one of these conditions is lacking the student should be strongly dissuaded from taking up the study of a modern language. 1. Aims of the Course The aims of the course should be to enable the pupil: (1) to understand simple conversations in the foreign language7 (2) to express himself in speech in the foreign language, with an acceptable pronunciation, on everyday topicsy (3) to read with understanding straightforward continuous prose in the foreign language~ (4) to express himself in writing in the foreign language on easy topics; ( 5) to acquire some knowledge of the civilisation of the country whose language he is studying; and ( 6) to acquire a surer appreciation of the value of words and a more effective knowledge of his own language. 2. Its Attainment The most that can reasonably be attempted in a short course is the laying of a firm fouridation of knowledge of vocabulary, idiom and grammar, and the basis of a fair degree of oral proficiency. In view of the academic nature of the examination for which most of the pupils will be striving it is desirable that the acquisition of kno.-1ledge of grammar and syntax should keep pace with that of vocabulary and idiom. The teaching of grammar in isolation should, however, be avoided. Instead it should be related to the spoken phrase or to the continuous text being studied. The work in the classroom should as a rule consist partly of oral, partly of written practice, a judicious balance being maintained bet·;1eon these two aspects of the language. In most cases it will be found advisable to use a 1Compromise 1 method, grammatical and other difficulties being explained in English and after this the foreign language used to the fullest possible extent as the medium of expression. 20 Regular use should be made of the oral method of 'question and answer' so that the pupils may acquire proficiency in the active uso of the language. Careful instruction in the foreign sounds will be needed. Tho repetition in unison and singly of 'pronunciation and intonation exorcises', suitably related to the text of the losson, will help towards the acquisition of oral fluency and correctness. As a general rule it will be found advisable to base written exercises on matter previously dealt i:1i th orally. They might frequently take the form of simple free composition within the framei.-iork of the pupils 1 active vocabu­ lary and grammatical knowledge. The critical comparison of the two modos of expression, the foreign and the English, will help to strengthen the pupils 1 knowledge of both languages. It is suggested that the teaching should not be based too closely on arry manual or text and that the pupils should be enabled to road a wide selection of easy story-readers. In conclusion it is urged that the cultural side of the language study should not be overlooked and that every possible opportunity should be taken to familiarise the pupils with different aspects of the life and civilisation of the country whose language they are learning. 21